Antibiotic therapy: how to use antibiotics safely and avoid resistance

Antibiotic therapy works great when used right, but misuse makes bugs stronger. If you've ever stopped a course early because you felt better, that behavior helps bacteria survive next time. This page gives clear, practical rules so antibiotics stay effective when you really need them.

First, antibiotics treat bacterial infections—not viruses. Colds, most sore throats, and flu are viral and don't improve with antibiotics. Your doctor will only prescribe them for suspected bacterial infections like certain lung infections, urinary tract infections, skin infections, or strep throat confirmed by testing. If a clinician suggests watchful waiting, that's often safer than unnecessary treatment.

Take them exactly as prescribed

Always follow dose, timing, and duration. If a label says twice daily, space doses roughly 12 hours apart. Missing doses or taking smaller amounts can let bacteria survive and develop resistance. Finishing the full course matters: some infections need days of therapy after symptoms improve to clear hidden bacteria. If side effects are severe, call the prescriber before stopping—often a simple switch or symptom treatment helps.

Know common side effects. Nausea, diarrhea, and yeast infections are frequent with many antibiotics. Watch for signs of allergic reaction—rash, swelling, trouble breathing—and seek emergency care if they appear. Also mention all medicines and supplements you take: some antibiotics interact with blood thinners, antacids, and certain vitamins, changing how both drugs work.

Prevent resistance and keep others safe

Don't pressure clinicians for antibiotics. If you're prescribed one, don't share pills or use leftover antibiotics from older illnesses. Dispose of unused meds properly—many pharmacies offer take-back programs. If a lab gives a culture and sensitivity result, ask the clinician to tailor therapy. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics that target the specific bacteria are better for the body and community than broad-spectrum drugs that wipe out many microbes.

Hygiene matters. Hand-washing, wound care, and vaccination reduce the need for antibiotics by preventing infections. In homes with someone on antibiotics, clean high-touch surfaces and avoid close contact with people at high risk, like infants or immunocompromised family members.

Travel and prescriptions: be cautious when buying antibiotics online or abroad. Only use reputable pharmacies and keep documentation of the prescription. Counterfeit or substandard antibiotics can be ineffective and dangerous.

If symptoms worsen after starting antibiotics—fever returns, new breathing trouble, worsening pain—contact your clinician. They may need to change the drug, check for resistance, or look for a different diagnosis. For children and pregnant people, always consult a clinician before taking any antibiotic; dosing and choices differ.

Using antibiotics responsibly protects you and everyone around you. Keep questions ready for your prescriber: why this drug, how long, what side effects to expect, and when to return. Clear, simple communication makes antibiotic therapy both safer and more effective.

Common classes include penicillins (amoxicillin) for ear and sinus infections, macrolides (azithromycin) for some respiratory infections, cephalosporins for skin and urinary infections, and fluoroquinolones for complicated urinary or lung infections when other options fail. Always follow prescriber guidance closely.